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In human studies, lactate and ketone intake are shown as crucial energy supplies for the heart and vasculature. In cases of chronic heart failure, intake results in extra circa 2 L per min in cardiac output.
Science
Ketone is at present best studied. The effect thought to be a combination of vasodilatation and increased contractility of the heart in combination with an increased heart rate by stimulation of G-protein coupled receptors. No increase in blood pressure is seen.