

metabolic control
blood sugar level
recovery
performance
heart energy
cognition
In human studies, oral lactate and oral ketone intake are shown to reduce appetite by ~25% and slow gastric emptying by ~1 hour.
Science
A lowered level of the hunger-inducing hormone Ghrelin, and increased levels of the satiety-inducing hormones LEAP2, GLP1, and Lac-Phe (the latter two via lactate). The hormonal effect last for at least 4 hours after intake. Oral intake is more effective than parenteral.